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The ''Nicomachean Ethics'' () is the name normally given to Aristotle's best-known work on ethics. The work, which plays a pre-eminent role in defining Aristotelian ethics, consists of ten books, originally separate scrolls, and is understood to be based on notes from his lectures at the Lyceum, which were either edited by or dedicated to Aristotle's son, Nicomachus. The theme of the work is a Socratic question previously explored in the works of Plato, Aristotle's friend and teacher, of how men should best live. In his ''Metaphysics'', Aristotle described how Socrates, the friend and teacher of Plato, had turned philosophy to human questions, whereas Pre-Socratic philosophy had only been theoretical. Ethics, as now separated out for discussion by Aristotle, is ''practical'' rather than ''theoretical'', in the original Aristotelian senses of these terms.〔Book II, chapter 2, (1103b ) ἐπεὶ οὖν ἡ παροῦσα πραγματεία οὐ θεωρίας ἕνεκά ἐστιν ὥσπερ αἱ ἄλλαι〕 In other words, it is not only a contemplation about good living, because it also aims to create good living. It is therefore connected to Aristotle's other practical work, the ''Politics'', which similarly aims at people becoming good. Ethics is about how individuals should best live, while the study of politics is from the perspective of a law-giver, looking at the good of a whole community. The ''Nicomachean Ethics'' is widely considered one of the most important historical philosophical works, and had an important impact upon the European Middle Ages, becoming one of the core works of medieval philosophy. It therefore indirectly became critical in the development of all modern philosophy as well as European law and theology. Many parts of the ''Nicomachean Ethics'' are well known in their own right, within different fields. In the Middle Ages, a synthesis between Aristotelian ethics and Christian theology became widespread, especially in Europe. While various philosophers had influenced Christendom since its earliest times, in Western Europe Aristotle became "the Philosopher", partly inspired by the Spanish Muslim philosopher Averroes. The most important version of this synthesis was that of Thomas of Aquinas. Other more "Averroist" Aristotelians such as Marsilius of Padua were controversial but also influential. (Marsilius is for example sometimes said to have influenced the controversial English political reformer Thomas Cromwell.) A critical period in the history of this work's influence is at the end of the Middle Ages, and beginning of modernity, when several authors such as Niccolò Machiavelli, Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, argued forcefully and largely successfully that the medieval Aristotelian tradition in practical thinking had become a great impediment to philosophy in their time. However, in more recent generations, Aristotle's original works (if not that of his medieval followers) have once again become an important source. More recent authors influenced by this work include Alasdair MacIntyre, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Martha Nussbaum. ==Title and abbreviations== The English version of the title derives from Greek Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια, transliterated ''Ethika Nikomacheia'', which is sometimes also given in the genitive form as Ἠθικῶν Νικομαχείων, ''Ethikōn Nikomacheiōn''. The Latin, which is also commonly used, can be ''Ēthica Nicomachēa'' or, ''De Moribus ad Nicomachum''. The ''Nicomachean Ethics'' is very often abbreviated "NE", or "EN", and books and chapters are generally referred to by Roman and Arabic numerals, respectively, along with corresponding Bekker numbers. (Thus, "NE II.2, 1103b1" means "''Nicomachean Ethics'', book II, chapter 2, Bekker page 1103, Bekker column b, line number 1".) In many ways this work parallels the similar ''Eudemian Ethics'', which has only eight books, and the two works can be fruitfully compared. Books V, VI, and VII of the ''Nicomachean Ethics'' are identical to Books IV, V, and VI of the ''Eudemian Ethics''. Opinions about the relationship between the two works—for example, which was written first, and which originally contained the three common books, are divided. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nicomachean Ethics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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